TAJ MAHAL

TAJ MAHAL

The Taj Mahal  is AN ivory-white marble sepulture on the south bank of the Yamuna watercourse within the Indian town of urban center. it had been commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658), to accommodate the grave of his favorite woman, Mumtaz Mahal. The grave is that the centrepiece of a 42-acre complicated, which has a house of God and a guest house, and is ready in formal gardens finite on 3 sides by a crenellated wall.

Construction of the sepulture was primarily completed in 1643 however work continuing on different phases of the project for one more ten years. The Taj Mahal complicated is believed to own been completed in its entireness in 1653 at a value calculable at the time to be around thirty two million rupees, that in 2015 would be roughly fifty two.8 billion rupees (US$827 million). the development project utilized some twenty,000 artisans beneath the steering of a board of creators LED by the court architect to the emperor, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.

The Taj Mahal was selected as a UN agency World Heritage web site in 1983 for being "the jewel of Muslim art in Bharat and one in every of the universally loved masterpieces of the world's heritage". delineate by Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore as "the tear-drop on the cheek of time", it's regarded by several because the best example of Mughal design and a logo of India's wealthy history. The Taj Mahal attracts 7–8 million guests a year. In 2007, it had been declared a winner of the New7Wonders of the planet (2000–2007) initiative.

The spot is that the central focus of the whole complicated of the mausoleum. it's an oversized, white marble structure standing on a sq. footstall ANd consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan (an arch-shaped doorway) flat-topped by an oversized dome and ornament. Like most Mughal tombs, the fundamental components area unit Persian in origin.

The base structure may be a massive multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners forming AN unequal eight-sided structure that's roughly fifty five metres (180 ft) on every of the four long sides. facet|all sides|both sides|either side} of the iwan is framed with a large pishtaq or rounded entrance with 2 equally formed arched balconies stacked on either side. This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas, creating the look fully symmetrical on all sides of the building. Four minarets frame the spot, one at every corner of the footstall facing the chamfered corners. the most chamber homes the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah of Iran Jahan; the particular graves area unit at a lower level.

The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal reaches so much on the far side ancient ornamental parts. The inlay work isn't pietra meninx, however a lapidary of precious and valuable gemstones. The inner chamber is associate polygon with the planning letting entry from every face, though solely the door facing the garden to the south is employed. the inside walls square measure concerning twenty five metres (82 ft) high and square measure topped  by a "false" interior dome embellished with a sun motif. Eight pishtaq arches outline the house at ground level and, like the outside, every lower pishtaq is topped by a second pishtaq concerning midway up the wall. The four central higher arches type balconies or viewing areas, and every balcony's exterior window has associate convoluted screen or jali cut from marble. additionally to the sunshine from the balcony screens, light-weight enters through roof openings lined by chattris at the corners. The polygon marble screen or jali bordering the cenotaphs is created from eight marble panels inscribed through with convoluted pierce work. The remaining surfaces square measure decorated in delicate detail with semi-precious stones forming twining vines, fruits and flowers. every chamber wall is extremely embellished with dado bas-relief, convoluted lapidary inlay and refined handwriting panels that mirror, in miniature detail, the planning parts seen throughout the outside of the advanced.

The Taj Mahal complicated is deckle-edged on 3 facets by crenellated red arenaceous rock walls; the side facing the stream is open. Outside the walls ar many extra mausoleums, as well as those of Shah of Iran Jahan's alternative wives, and a bigger spot for Mumtaz's favorite servant.

The main entrance (darwaza) could be a monumental structure engineered primarily of marble, and paying homage to the Mughal design of earlier emperors. Its archways mirror the form of the tomb's archways, and its pishtaq arches incorporate the script that decorates the spot. The domed ceilings and walls have elaborate geometric styles like those found within the alternative arenaceous rock buildings within the complicated.

At the way finish of the complicated ar 2 grand red arenaceous rock buildings that mirror one another, and face the perimeters of the spot. The backs of the buildings parallel the western and jap walls. The western building could be a musjid and therefore the alternative is that the jawab (answer), thought to own been made for beaux arts balance though it's going to are used as a house. Distinctions between the 2 buildings embody the jawab's lack of a mihrab (a niche during a mosque's wall facing Mecca), and its floors of geometric style whereas the ground of the musjid is arranged  with outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble. The mosque's basic style of an extended hall head by 3 domes is analogous to others engineered by Emperor, significantly the Masjid-i Jahān-Numā, or Jama mosque, Delhi. The Mughal mosques of this era divide the sanctuary hall into 3 areas comprising a main sanctuary and slightly smaller sanctuaries on either facet. At the Taj Mahal, every sanctuary opens onto AN expansive vaulting dome. The far buildings were completed in 1643.

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Ashoka THE GREAT

ASHOKA THE GREAT

Ashoka  was an Indian emperor of the Maurya kinsfolk United Nations agency dominated nearly all of the Indian landmass from c. 268 to 232 BCE. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over a realm that stretched from the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan to the fashionable state of Bangla Desh within the east. It covered the entire Indian landmass except elements of contemporary Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The empire's capital was Pataliputra (in Magadha, present-day Bihar), with provincial capitals at Taxila and Ujjain.

In about 260 BCE, Ashoka waged a bitterly destructive war against the state of Kalinga (modern Odisha).  He conquered Kalinga, which none of his ancestors had done.  He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he himself had waged out of a need for conquest. "Ashoka reflected on the war in Kalinga, which reportedly had resulted in additional than one hundred,000 deaths and 150,000 deportations, ending at around 200,000 deaths."  Ashoka converted step by step to Buddhism starting concerning 263 BCE.  He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia, and established monuments marking several important sites in the lifetime of Buddha. "Ashoka regarded Buddhism as a doctrine that might function a cultural foundation for political unity." Ashoka is now remembered as a philanthropic administrator. In the Kalinga edicts, he addresses his people as his "children", and mentions that as a father he desires their sensible. Ashoka's name "Aśoka" means "painless, without sorrow" in Indo-Aryan (the a privativum and "pain, distress"). In his edicts, he is spoken as Devānāmpriya ( "The Beloved of the Gods"), and Priyadarśin ( "He who regards everybody with affection"). His fondness for his name's connection to the Saraca asoca tree, or the "Ashoka tree" is also documented within the Ashokavadana.

H.G. Wells wrote of Ashoka in his book The Outline of History: "Amidst the tens of thousands of names of monarchs that crowd the columns of history, their majesties and graciousnesses and serenities and royal highnesses and the like, the name of Ashoka shines, and shines, almost alone, a star." Along with the Edicts of Ashoka, his legend is related within the 2nd-century metal Ashokavadana ("Narrative of Ashoka", a part of Divyavadana), and in the Sri Lankan text Mahavamsa ("Great Chronicle"). The emblem of the fashionable Republic of India is Associate in Nursing adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka.

While the early a part of Ashoka's reign was apparently quite bloody-minded, he became a follower of the Buddha's teachings after his conquest of Kalinga on the geographical area of Republic of India within the current states of Odisha and North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Kalinga was a state that prided itself on its sovereignty and democracy. With its monarchical parliamentary democracy it had been quite exception in ancient Bharata where there existed the conception of Rajdharma. Rajdharma means the duty of the rulers, which was per se entwined with the conception of bravery and Hindu deity. The Kalinga War happened eight years after his enthronisation. From his 13th inscription, we come back to apprehend that the battle was a colossal one and caused the deaths of over one hundred,000 soldiers and several civilians UN agency rose up in defence; over one hundred fifty,000 were deported.[20] When he was walking through the grounds of Kalinga once his conquest, rejoicing in his victory, he was moved by the range of bodies strewn there and therefore the wails of the grieving.

Buddhist conversion

A similar four "Indian lion" Lion Capital of Ashoka atop an intact Ashoka Pillar at Wat U Mong close to Chiang Mai, Thailand showing another larger Hindu deity Chakra / Ashoka Chakra atop the four lions. Edict 13 on the Edicts of Ashoka Rock Inscriptions replicate the nice ruefulness the king felt once observant the destruction of Kalinga:

His Majesty feels ruefulness on account of the conquest of Kalinga as a result of, during the subjugation of a antecedently undefeated country, slaughter, death, and taking away captive of the people essentially occur, whereat His magnificence feels profound sorrow and regret. The edict goes on to address the even greater degree of sorrow and regret ensuing from Ashoka's understanding that the chums and families of deceased would suffer greatly too. Legend says that one day after the war was over, Ashoka ventured out to roam town and every one he may see were burnt homes and scattered corpses. This sight made him sick and he cried the notable monologue:

    "What have I done? If this is a victory, what's a defeat then? is that this a triumph or a defeat? Is this justice or injustice? Is it gallantry or a rout? Is it courageousness to kill innocent youngsters and women? Did I have it off to widen the empire and for prosperity or to destroy the other's kingdom and splendor? One has lost her husband, someone else a father, someone a kid, someone Associate in Nursing unhatched child.... What's this junk of the corpses? ar these marks of triumph or defeat? ar these vultures, crows, eagles the messengers of death or evil?"

The lethal war with Kalinga reworked the revengeful Emperor Ashoka to a stable and peaceful emperor and he became a patron of Buddhism. Whether or not he regenerate to Buddhism is unclear though Buddhist tradition says he did. According to the prominent Indologist, A. L. Basham, Ashoka's personal religion became Buddhism, if not before, then certainly once the Kalinga war. However, according to Basham, the Dharma formally propagated by Ashoka was not Buddhism in the slightest degree.  Romila Thapar notes that modern day historians question his conversion into Buddhism, in the aftermath of the Kalinga war. She argues that Ashoka curiously refrained from engraving his confession anywhere. Nevertheless, his patronage led to the enlargement of Buddhism in the Mauryan empire and alternative kingdoms throughout his rule, and worldwide from about 250 BCE.[26] Prominent in this cause were his son Mahinda (Mahendra) and girl Sanghamitra (whose name means that "friend of the Sangha"), who established Buddhism in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).  Ashokan Pillar at Vaishali. Archaeological proof for Buddhism between the death of the Buddha and therefore the time of Ashoka is scarce; once the time of Ashoka it's thick.  Ashoka was born to the Mauryan emperor, Bindusara and a relatively lower hierarchal married woman of his, Dharma . He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan dynasty. The Avadana texts mention that his mother was queen Subhadrangi. According to the Ashokavadana, she was the daughter of a Brahmin from the town of Champa.  Though a palace intrigue unbroken her away from the emperor, this eventually ended, and she bore a son. It is from her exclamation "I am now while not sorrow", that Ashoka got his name. The Divyavadana tells a similar story, but offers the name of the queen . Ashoka had several elder siblings, all of whom were his half-brothers from the other wives of Bindusara. His fighting qualities were apparent from an early age and he was given royal military coaching. He was known as a alarming hunter, and according to a legend, killed a lion with just a wood rod. Because of his name as a daunting person and a heartless general, he was sent to curb the riots in the Avanti province of the Mauryan empire.

Rise to power

Approximate extent of Maurya empire under Ashoka. The empire stretched from Afghanistan to geographic region to southern Asian country. The Buddhist text Divyavadana describes Ashoka putting down a revolt due to activities of wicked ministers. This may are an occurrence in Bindusara's times. Taranatha's account states that Acharya Chanakya, Bindusara's chief advisor, destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 cities and created himself the master of all territory between the japanese and the western seas. Some historians take into account this as associate indication of Bindusara's conquest of the Deccan whereas others consider it as suppression of a revolt. Following this, Ashoka was stationed at Ujjayini as governor.

Bindusara's death in 272 BCE led to a war over succession. According to the Divyavadana, Bindusara wanted his son Susima to succeed him however Ashoka was supported by his father's ministers, who found Susima to be chesty and disrespectful towards them.  A minister named Radhagupta seems to have contend a vital role in Ashoka's rise to the throne. The Ashokavadana recounts Radhagupta's offering of associate previous royal elephant to Ashoka for him to ride to the Garden of the Gold marquee wherever King Bindusara would verify his successor. Ashoka later got rid of the legitimate heir to the throne by tricking him into coming into a pit stuffed with live coals. Radhagupta, according to the Ashokavadana, would later be appointed prime minister by Ashoka once he had gained the throne. The Dipavansa and Mahavansa refer to Ashoka's killing 99 of his brothers, sparing solely one, named Vitashoka or Tissa,  although there is no clear proof regarding this incident (many such accounts square measure saturated with mythological elements). The coronation happened in 269 BCE, four years after his succession to the throne. The painting by Abanindranath Tagore (1871–1951) depicting Ashoka's queen standing in front of the railings of the Buddhist monument at Sanchi .

Buddhist legends state that Ashoka was bad-tempered and of a wicked nature. He built Ashoka's Hell, an elaborate torture chamber delineated  as a "Paradisal Hell" because of the distinction between its stunning exterior and therefore the acts administrated at intervals by his appointed public executioner, Girikaa.  This earned him the name of Chanda Ashoka (Caṇḍa Aśoka) which means "Ashoka the Fierce" in Sanskritic language. Professor Charles Drekmeier cautions that the Buddhist legends tend to dramatise the modification that Buddhism brought in him, and therefore, exaggerate Ashoka's past wickedness and his piousness when the conversion. Ascending the throne, Ashoka expanded his empire over the next eight years, from the gift-day boundaries province within the East to Balochistan within the West; from the Pamir Knot in Asian nation in the north to the ground of southern Asian country apart from present day province and Kerala that were dominated by Ashoka.

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Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya

Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya

The Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, with help from Chanakya, a Brahmin teacher at Takshashila. According to several legends, Chanakya traveled to Magadha, a kingdom that was large and militarily powerful and feared by its neighbors, but was affronted by its king Dhana Nanda, of the Nanda Dynasty. Chanakya swore revenge and vowed to destroy the Nanda Empire.  Meanwhile, the conquering armies of Alexander the nice refused to cross the Beas watercourse and advance any eastward, deterred by the prospect of battling Magadha. Alexander returned to Babylon and re-deployed most of his troops west of the Indus watercourse. Soon when Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BCE, his empire fragmented, and local kings declared their independence, leaving many smaller split satraps. The Greek generals Eudemus, and Peithon, ruled till around 317 BCE, when Chandragupta Maurya (with the facilitate of Chanakya, who was currently his advisor) completely defeated the Macedonians and consolidated the region underneath the management of his new seat of power in Magadha.

Chandragupta Maurya's rise to power is shrouded in mystery and controversy. On one hand, a number of ancient Indian accounts, such as the drama Mudrarakshasa (Poem of Rakshasa – Rakshasa was the prime minister of Magadha) by Visakhadatta, describe his royal ancestry and even link him with the Nanda family. A kshatriya social group renowned as the Maurya's square measure remarked within the earliest Buddhist texts, Mahaparinibbana Sutta. However, any conclusions are laborious to build while not any historical proof. Chandragupta first emerges in Greek accounts as "Sandrokottos". As a young man he is said to possess met Alexander.  He is also aforementioned to possess met the Nanda king, angered him, and made a slim escape. Chanakya's original intentions were to train a guerilla army under Chandragupta's command. The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta as well because the Jaina work Parisishtaparvan verbalise Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka, sometimes known with Porus
.
Chanakya encouraged Chandragupta Maurya and his army to take over the throne of Magadha. Using his intelligence network, Chandragupta gathered many young men from across Magadha and alternative provinces, men upset over the corrupt and oppressive rule of king Dhana, plus the resources necessary for his army to fight a long series of battles. These men included the former general of Taxila, accomplished students of Chanakya, the representative of King Porus of Kakayee, his son Malayketu, and the rulers of small states.

Preparing to invade Pataliputra, Maurya came up with a strategy. A battle was announced and the Magadhan army was drawn from the town to a remote parcel to interact with Maurya's forces. Maurya's general and spies meanwhile bribed the corrupt general of Nanda. He also managed to produce an environment of warfare within the kingdom, which culminated in the death of the heir to the throne. Chanakya managed to win over popular sentiment. Ultimately Nanda resigned, handing power to Chandragupta, and went into exile and was never detected of once more. Chanakya contacted the prime minister, Rakshasas, and made him perceive that his loyalty was to Magadha, not to the Nanda dynasty, insisting that he continue in workplace. Chanakya also reiterated that selecting to resist would begin a war that would severely have an effect on Magadha and destroy the town. Rakshasa accepted Chanakya's reasoning, and Chandragupta Maurya was legitimately put in as the new King of Magadha. Rakshasa became Chandragupta's chief advisor, and Chanakya assumed the position of an elder pol.

Chandragupta campaigned against the Macedonians when general I Nicator, in the process of making the Seleucid Empire out of the japanese conquests of Alexander the good, tried to reconquer the northwestern components of Republic of India in 305 BCE. Seleucus unsuccessful (Seleucid–Mauryan war), the two rulers finally terminated a peace pact: a matrimonial treaty (Epigamia) was terminated, in which the Greeks offered their aristocrat for alliance and facilitate from him. Chandragupta snatched the satrapies of Paropamisade (Kamboja and Gandhara), Arachosia (Kandhahar) and Gedrosia (Balochistan), and Seleucus I received five hundred war elephants that were to own a decisive role in his ending against western principle kings at the Battle of pitched battle in 301 BCE. Diplomatic relations were established and several Greeks, such as the historian Megasthenes, Deimakos and Dionysius resided at the Mauryan court.

Chandragupta established a strong centralized state with associate administration at Pataliputra, which, according to Megasthenes, was "surrounded by a wooden wall perforated by sixty four gates and 570 towers— (and) rivaled the splendors of contemporaneous Persian sites such as Sousse and Ecbatana." Chandragupta's son Bindusara extended the rule of the Mauryan empire towards southern India. The famous Tamil author Mamulanar of the Sangam literature delineated  however the Deccan highland was invaded by the Maurya army. He also had a Greek ambassador at his court, named Deimachus Strabo.

Megasthenes describes a disciplined multitude under Chandragupta, who live merely, honestly, and do not know writing:

    "The Indians all live frugally, especially once in camp. They dislike a great undisciplined multitude, and consequently they observe good order. Theft is of terribly rare prevalence. Megasthenes says that those who were within the camp of Sandrakottos, wherein lay four hundred,000 men, found that the thefts reported on any one day didn't exceed the worth of 2 hundred drachmae, and this among a people United Nations agency don't have any written laws, but square measure ignorant of writing, and must so in all the business of life trust to memory. They live, nevertheless, happily enough, being simple in their manners and thrifty. They never drink wine except at sacrifices. Their beverage is a liquor composed from rice rather than barley, and their food is principally a rice-pottage."

 

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Maurya Empire

Maurya Empire

The Maurya Empire, also famous as the Mauryan Empire, was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in ancient India, ruled by the Maurya folk from 322–185 BCE. Originating from the kingdom of Magadha within the Indo-Gangetic Plain (modern Bihar, jap Uttar Pradesh) in the eastern facet of the Indian landmass, the empire had its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna).  The Empire was founded in 322 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya, who had overthrown the Nanda folk and chop-chop distended his power westward across central and western India, alongside Chanakya's facilitate, taking advantage of the disruptions of local powers in the wake of the withdrawal westward by Alexander the Great's armies. By 316 BCE the empire had fully occupied Northwestern India, defeating and conquering the satraps left by Alexander. Chandragupta then defeated the invasion led by general I, a Macedonian general from Alexander's army, gaining additional territory west of the Indus stream.

The Maurya Empire was one of the biggest empires of the globe in its time. At its greatest extent, the empire stretched to the north along the natural boundaries of the Himalaya Mountains, to the east into Assam, to the west into Balochistan (south west Pakistan and south east Iran) and also the Hindu Kush Mountains mountains of what's currently Afghanistan.  The Empire was expanded into India's central and southern regions  by the emperors Chandragupta and Bindusara, but it excluded a little portion of undiscovered social group and wooded regions close to Kalinga (modern Odisha), until it was conquered by Ashoka.[8] It declined for about fifty years when Ashoka's rule concluded, and it dissolved in 185 BCE with the foundation of the Shunga dynasty in Magadha.

Under Chandragupta and his successors, internal and external trade, agriculture and economic activities, all thrived and expanded across Bharat thanks to the creation of one and economical system of finance, administration, and security. After the Kalinga War, the Empire experienced nearly  a century of peace and security beneath Ashoka. Mauryan India additionally enjoyed Associate in Nursing era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of information. Chandragupta Maurya's embrace of Jainism increased social and non secular renewal and reform across his society, while Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism has been same to have been the inspiration of the reign of social and political peace and non-violence across all of Bharat. Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist ideals into Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, West Asia  and Mediterranean Europe.

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Magadh Kingdom

Magadh Kingdom

 

Magadha formed one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas   of ancient Bharat. The core of the kingdom was the realm of Bihar south of the Ganges; its initial capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir), then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Rajagriha was initially referred to as 'Girivrijja' and later came to be better-known as therefore throughout the reign of Ajatashatru. Magadha expanded to embrace most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga, respectively, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Odisha. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It is also mentioned within the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. A state of Magadha, possibly a social group kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts a lot of earlier in time than 600 BCE.

The earliest reference to the Magadha people happens within the Atharvaveda, where they ar found listed together with the Angas, Gandharis and Mujavats. Magadha played associate necessary role within the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Mauryan Empire and Gupta Empire, originated in Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Golden Age of Asian nation. The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their native chiefs known as Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.

The kingdom of the Magadha roughly corresponds to the trendy districts of Patna, Jehanabad, Nalanda, Aurangabad, Nawadah and Gaya in southern Bihar, and parts of geographic region in the east. It was bounded on the north by the watercourse Ganges, on the east by the river Champa, on the south by the Vindhya Range, and on the west by the Son River. This region of Greater Magadha had a culture and spiritual beliefs of its own that predates Hinduism. Much of the second urbanisation took place here from c. 500 BCE forrader and it was here that Jainism became sturdy and Buddhism arose. The importance of Magadha's culture can be seen in this Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism adopted some of its features, most significantly a belief in rebirth and karmic retribution.

There is little bound info on the market on the first rulers of Magadha. The most important sources area unit the Buddhist Pāli Canon, the Jain Agamas and the Hindu Puranas. Based on these sources, it appears that Magadha was dominated by the Haryanka kinsfolk for some two hundred years, c. 600 BCE – 413 BCE. Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, lived much of his life in Magadha kingdom. He attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, gave his initial sermon in Sarnath and the first Buddhist council was command in Rajgriha. The Hindu Mahabharata calls Brihadratha the initial ruler of Magadha. The second book of the Hindu Mahabharata, the Sabha Parva. As the scene of the many incidents in his life, including his enlightenment, Magadha is often thought-about a blessed land. King Bimbisara of the Haryanka dynasty diode AN active and expansive policy, conquering Anga in what is currently West Bengal. The death of King Bimbisara was at the hands of his son, Prince Ajatashatru. King Pasenadi, king of neighbouring Kosala and in-law of King Bimbisara, promptly retook the gift of the Kashi province. war broke out between Ajatashatru and prasenjit with varied results in favour of each. conflict ended with ajatashatru marrying prasenjit's female offspring Vajjira and kasi was once more given in dowery to magadha.

Accounts differ slightly as to the reason behind King Ajatashatru's war with the Licchavi, an space north of the watercourse Ganges River. It appears that Ajatashatru sent a minister to the space United Nations agency for 3 years worked to undermine the unity of the Licchavis. To launch his attack across the Ganges watercourse, Ajatashatru built a fort at the city of Pataliputra. Torn by disagreements the Licchavis fought with Ajatashatru. It took fifteen years for Ajatashatru to defeat them. Jain texts tell however Ajatashatru used 2 new weapons: a catapult, and a covered chariot with swinging mace that has been compared to a trendy tank. Pataliputra began to grow as a center of commerce and have become the capital of Magadha after Ajatashatru's death. The Haryanka family line was overthrown by the Shishunaga dynasty. The last Shishunaga ruler, Kalasoka, was assassinated by Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE, the first of the alleged 9 Nandas, Mahapadma and his eight sons. In 326 BCE, the army of Alexander approached the western boundaries of Magadha. The army, exhausted and frightened at the prospect of facing another giant Indian army at the Ganges River, mutinied at the Hyphasis (the modern Beas River) and refused to march additional East. Alexander, after the meeting with his officer, Coenus, was persuaded that it was better to come and turned south, conquering his approach down the Indus to the Ocean. Around 321 BCE, the Nanda Dynasty complete and Chandragupta Maurya became the initial king of the nice Mauryan family line and Mauryan Empire with the assistance of Chanakya. The Empire later extended over most of South Asia under King Ashoka, who was at initial referred to as 'Ashoka the Cruel' however later became an admirer of Buddhism and have become referred to as 'Dharma Ashoka'. Later, the Mauryan Empire ended, as did the Shunga and Khārabēḷa empires, to be replaced by the Gupta Empire. The capital of the Gupta Empire remained Pataliputra in Magadha.

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History of BIHAR

History of BIHAR

 

The history of Bihar is one of the foremost varied in Bharat. Ancient Bihar, known as Magadha, was the centre of power, learning, and culture in India for one thousand years. India's "first empire", the Maurya empire as well together of the world's greatest pacifist religion, Buddhism arose from the region that now makes trendy Bihar.  Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large components of South Asia below a central rule.  Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an vital political, military, and economic centre of Indian civilisation during the ancient and classical periods of history. Many of the ancient Indian text, written outside of the religious epics, were written in ancient Bihar. Abhijñānaśākuntala was the most prominent.

The present day region of state consisted of many ancient kingdoms and republics that area unit, the Magadha province, the Anga province and the Vajji confederation. One of the primary known republics within the world, Licchavi, existed in the region since before the birth of Mahavira .  The classical Gupta dynasty of state, was known to have been a amount of nice culture and learning within Asian nation. The Gupta period is famed these days because the Golden Age of Asian nation.

The Pala Empire also created their capital at Pataliputra. After, Bihar vie a terribly little role in Indian affairs, until the emergence of the Suri phratry throughout the Medieval amount in the 1540s. After the fall of the Suri phratry in 1556, Bihar once more became a marginal player in Asian nation and was the staging post for the geographical area Presidency from the decennary and up to the war of 1857–58. On 22 March 1912, Bihar was graven out as a separate province in the British Indian Empire. Since 1947, Bihar has been a state in the Indian Union.

The Epics Period Kingdoms

•      Anga Kingdom
  
  Videha (Mithila) Kingdom
  

  Magadha Kingdom(we discuss next day )

  
   

   

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